A dispersive solid phase extraction of hippuric acid in urine by silica nanocomposite supported onto silica gel prior to HPLC

Volume 2, Issue 2, April 2017     |     PP. 21-41      |     PDF (845 K)    |     Pub. Date: April 5, 2017
DOI:    348 Downloads     7642 Views  

Author(s)

Mohamad Raizul Zinalibdin, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310 UTM Johor Bahru, Johor, Malaysia; Department of Chemistry, Johor Branch, Jalan Abdul Samad, 80100 Johor Bahru, Johor, Malaysia
Jafariah Jaafar, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310 UTM Johor Bahru, Johor, Malaysia
Zaiton Abdul Majid, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310 UTM Johor Bahru, Johor, Malaysia
Mohd Marsin Sanagi, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310 UTM Johor Bahru, Johor, Malaysia

Abstract
In this study, a novel adsorbent material based on silica nanocomposite supported silica gel was successfully developed for extraction of hippuric acid. This adsorbent material was prepared via sol-gel method using 3-(propylmethacrylate)trimethoxysilane/silica nanocomposite (SN) acetic acid as catalyst, hippuric acid (HA) as template, acetonitrile as solvent and supported by silica gel. The morphology of SN was observed using field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) while texture properties by N2 adsorption analysis. The silica nanocomposite was employed as a sorbent for extraction of hippuric acid. The effect of precursor amount, and template quantity on the sorption characteristic of SN was evaluated. Adsorption studies were conducted to identify the SN with the best sorption capacity for the extraction of hippuric acid. The adsorption carried out using 10 mL of sample or hippuric acid standard (200 mg/L), 0.2 g SN, 15 minutes stirring time and at pH 6. The HA was then desorbed into 10 mL methanol: acetic acid (9:1) solution by ultrasonication for 10 minutes. The SN prepared using 800 µL of 3-(propylmethacrylate)trimethoxysilane), (0.30 mmol/L of hippuric acid), 700µL acetonitrile as solvent and 600 µL of acetic acid was found to exhibit better sorption for hippuric acid. The results show percentage recovery around 97.9-99.6% and relative standard deviation at 0.4-4.6%, respectively. The silica nanocomposite supported with silica gel performance validation were analysed by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) at 225 nm of UV detector.

Keywords
Silica nanocomposite, hippuric acid, sol-gel, High performance liquid chromatography.

Cite this paper
Mohamad Raizul Zinalibdin, Jafariah Jaafar, Zaiton Abdul Majid, Mohd Marsin Sanagi, A dispersive solid phase extraction of hippuric acid in urine by silica nanocomposite supported onto silica gel prior to HPLC , SCIREA Journal of Chemistry. Volume 2, Issue 2, April 2017 | PP. 21-41.

References

[ 1 ] Moon, C.-S., Lee, J.-T., Chun, J.-H. and Ikeda, M. (2001) Use of solvents in industries in Korea: experience in Sinpyeong-Jangrim industrial complex. International archives of occupational and environmental health, 74, 148–152.
[ 2 ] Inoue, O., Kanno, E., Kasai, K., Ukai, H., Okamoto, S. and Ikeda, M. (2004) Benzylmercapturic acid is superior to hippuric acid and o-cresol as a urinary marker of occupational exposure to toluene. Toxicology letters, 147, 177–186.
[ 3 ] Ogata, M., Tomokuni, K. and Takatsuka, Y. (1969) Quantitative determination in urine of hippuric acid and m-or p-methylhippuric acid, metabolites of toluene and m-or p-xylene. British journal of industrial medicine, 26, 330–334.
[ 4 ] King, M.D., Day, R.E., Oliver, J.S., Lush, M. and Watson, J.M. (1981) Solvent encephalopathy. Br Med J (Clin Res Ed), 283, 663–665.
[ 5 ] Chen, Z., Liu, S.-J., Cai, S.-X., Yao, Y.-M., Yin, H., Ukai, H., et al. (1994) Exposure of workers to a mixture of toluene and xylenes. II. Effects. Occupational and environmental medicine, 51, 47–49.
[ 6 ] Ukai, H., Kawai, T., Inoue, O., Maejima, Y., Fukui, Y., Ohashi, F., et al. (2007) Comparative evaluation of biomarkers of occupational exposure to toluene. International archives of occupational and environmental health, 81, 81–93.
[ 7 ] Zinalibdin, M.R., Yacob, A.R., Sanagi, M.M. (2016) Chromatographic Determination of toluene and its metabolites in urine for toluene exposure - A Review. Malaysian Journal of Analytical Sciences, 20, 205–223.
[ 8 ] Matsui, H., Kasao, M. and Imamura, S. (1978) High-performance liquid chromatographic determination of hippuric acid in human urine. Journal of chromatography, 145, 231–236.
[ 9 ] Rauscher, D., Lehnert, G. and Angerer, J. (1994) Biomonitoring of occupational and environmental exposures to benzene by measuring trans, trans-muconic acid in urine. Clinical Chemistry, 40, 1468–1470.
[ 10 ] Moein, M.M., El-Beqqali, A., Javanbakht, M., Karimi, M., Akbari-Adergani, B. and Abdel-Rehim, M. (2014) On-line detection of hippuric acid by microextraction with a molecularly-imprinted polysulfone membrane sorbent and liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Journal of chromatography. A, 1372C, 55–62.
[ 11 ] Moein, M.M., Javanbakht, M., Karimi, M., Akbari-adergani, B. and Abdel-Rehim, M. (2015) Three-phase molecularly imprinted sol-gel based hollow fiber liquid-phase microextraction combined with liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry for enrichment and selective determination of a tentative lung cancer biomarker. Journal of Chromatography B, 995–996.
[ 12 ] Moein, M.M., Javanbakht, M., Karimi, M., Akbari-adergani, B. and Abdel-Rehim, M. (2015) A new strategy for surface modification of polysulfone membrane by in situ imprinted sol–gel method for the selective separation and screening of l -Tyrosine as a lung cancer biomarker. The Analyst, 140, 1939–1946.
[ 13 ] Bapat, G., Labade, C., Chaudhari, A. and Zinjarde, S. (2016) Silica nanoparticle based techniques for extraction, detection, and degradation of pesticides. Advances in Colloid and Interface Science, 2016.
[ 14 ] Sadeghi, S. and Jahani, M. (2014) Solid-Phase Extraction of Florfenicol from Meat Samples by a Newly Synthesized Surface Molecularly Imprinted Sol–Gel Polymer. Food Analytical Methods, 7, 2084–2094.
[ 15 ] Liao, S., Zhang, W., Long, W., Hou, D., Yang, X. and Tan, N. (2016) Adsorption characteristics, recognition properties, and preliminary application of nordihydroguaiaretic acid molecularly imprinted polymers prepared by sol–gel surface imprinting technology. Applied Surface Science, 364, 579–588.
[ 16 ] Zinalibdin, M.R., Yacob, A.R. and Sanagi, M.M. (2015) A Novel Molecularly Imprinted Acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene Membrane for Adsorption of Hippuric acid. Procedia Chemistry, 16, 91–98. http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1876619615001783.
[ 17 ] Farrington, K. and Regan, F. (2009) Molecularly imprinted sol gel for ibuprofen: An analytical study of the factors influencing selectivity. Talanta, 78, 653–659.
[ 18 ] Matsui, H., Kasao, M. and Imamura, S. (1978) High-performance liquid chromatographic determination of hippuric acid in human urine. Journal of Chromatography B: Biomedical Sciences and Applications, 145, 231–236.
[ 19 ] Harwood, L.M., Moody, C.J. and Percy, J.M. (1999) Experimental organic chemistry: standard and microscale. Blackwell science Malden, MA.
[ 20 ] Xie, C., Liu, B., Wang, Z., Gao, D., Guan, G. and Zhang, Z. (2008) Molecular imprinting at walls of silica nanotubes for TNT recognition. Analytical chemistry, 80, 437–443.
[ 21 ] Sing, K.S.W., Everett, D.H., Haul, R.A.W., Moscou, L., Pierotti, L.A., Rouquérol, J., et al. (1985) International union of pure and applied chemistry physical chemistry division reporting physisorption data for gas/solis systems with special reference to the determination of surface area and porosity. Pure Appl. Chem, 57, 603–619.
[ 22 ] Condon, J.B. (2006) Surface area and porosity determinations by physisorption: measurements and theory. Elsevier.
[ 23 ] Sellergren, B. and Shea, K.J. (1993) Influence of polymer morphology on the ability of imprinted network polymers to resolve enantiomers. Journal of Chromatography A, 635, 31–49.
[ 24 ] Kabir, A., Furton, K.G. and Malik, A. (2013) Innovations in sol-gel microextraction phases for solvent-free sample preparation in analytical chemistry. TrAC - Trends in Analytical Chemistry, 45, 197–218.
[ 25 ] Hench, L.L. and West, J.K. (1990) The sol-gel process. Chemical Reviews, 90, 33–72.
[ 26 ] Kamaruzaman, S., Hauser, P.C., Sanagi, M.M., Ibrahim, W.A.W., Endud, S. and See, H.H. (2013) A simple microextraction and preconcentration approach based on a mixed matrix membrane. Analytica Chimica Acta, 783, 24–30.
[ 27 ] Zhao, F., Wang, Z., Wang, H. and Ding, M. (2011) Determination of hippuric acid in human urine by ion chromatography with conductivity detection. Journal of Chromatography B: Analytical Technologies in the Biomedical and Life Sciences, 879, 296–298.
[ 28 ] Gardner, J.S., Walker, J.O. and Lamb, J.D. (2004) Permeability and durability effects of cellulose polymer variation in polymer inclusion membranes. Journal of membrane science, 229, 87–93.
[ 29 ] Bagheri, H. and Piri-moghadam, H. (2012) Sol – gel-based molecularly imprinted xerogel for capillary microextraction. 2012: 10.
[ 30 ] Yacob, A.R. and Zinalibdin, M.R. (2010) High Performance Liquid Chromatography Determination of Urinary Hippuric Acid and Benzoic Acid as Indices for Glue Sniffer Urine. World Academy of Science, Engineering and Technology, 38, 973–978.
[ 31 ] Kongtip, P., Vararussami, J. and Pruktharathikul, V. (2001) Modified method for determination of hippuric acid and methylhippuric acid in urine by gas chromatography. Journal of Chromatography B: Biomedical Sciences and Applications, 751, 199–203.
[ 32 ] Ahmadi, F., Asgharloo, H., Sadeghi, S., Gharehbagh-Aghababa, V. and Adibi, H. (2009) Post-derivatization procedure for determination of hippuric acid after extraction by an automated micro solid phase extraction system and monitoring by gas chromatography. Journal of chromatography. B, Analytical technologies in the biomedical and life sciences, 877, 2945–51.
[ 33 ] Lee, C., Lee, J., Lee, J., Eom, H.Y., Kim, M.K., Suh, J.H., et al. (2009) Rapid HPLC Method for the Simultaneous Determination of Eight Urinary Metabolites of Toluene , Xylene and Styrene. Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society, 30, 2021–2026.
[ 34 ] 34. Ohashi, Y., Mamiya, T., Mitani, K., Wang, B., Takigawa, T., Kira, S., et al. (2006) Simultaneous determination of urinary hippuric acid, o-, m- and p-methylhippuric acids, mandelic acid and phenylglyoxylic acid for biomonitoring of volatile organic compounds by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Analytica Chimica Acta, 566, 167–171.